Integrasi Multi-Omics, Liquid Biopsy, dan Kecerdasan Buatan dalam Biomarker Kanker Kolorektal: Menuju Onkologi Presisi

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Advances in molecular biology and high-throughput technologies have significantly expanded the spectrum of biomarkers used in CRC. This review provides an updated and critical synthesis of established and emerging biomarkers in colorectal cancer, focusing on their clinical roles in screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic stratification. Established biomarkers such as RAS/BRAF mutations and microsatellite instability (MSI) are integral to clinical practice. Emerging biomarkers including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), DNA methylation markers, non-coding RNAs, immune-related biomarkers, and microbiome-based signatures are increasingly relevant. Integration of multi-omics approaches with artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to revolutionize precision oncology. A multi-biomarker panel approach may significantly improve clinical outcomes in CRC.